CD246/ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the insulin receptor superfamily, playing a dual role in neural development and tumorigenesis. Under normal physiological conditions, ALK is mainly expressed in the central nervous system, where it participates in neuronal differentiation, axon guidance, and the regulation of synaptic plasticity. In tumors, ALK gene rearrangements (e.g., EML4-ALK) represent a key driver mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a hallmark genetic alteration in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), leading to constitutive kinase activation and aberrant activation of downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAPK, and JAK/STAT, thereby promoting malignant proliferation and survival of tumor cells. ALK inhibitors (e.g., crizotinib, alectinib) have become the standard of care for precision therapy in ALK-positive tumors.